We learned that Earth's core is solid, not molten, thanks to Inge Lehmann. Google/Screenshot by CNET Inge Lehmann helped us to know planet Earth a little better. And now Google is helping us to get to know Inge Lehmann. The Google Doodle on Wednesday is paying homage to the Danish seismologist, on what would have been her 127th birthday, with an animated rendering of our planet split cleanly in two, with a small glowing orb in between the halves. Lehmann is known for her work in contributing to our understanding of Earth's core. After a 1929 earthquake near New Zealand, Lehmann used seismic data to conclude that the Earth's core is solid and not entirely molten, a revelation that helped shape the future of seismology and geophysics. Born in 1888, Lehmann grew up in Denmark and studied mathematics at the University of Copenhagen and later at the University of Cambridge. Having attended the country's first co-ed high school, Lehmann was given then-unprecedented access to the same type of math and science education as boys of her age at a time when female representation in such fields was virtually unheard of. (For more information related to the realities of being a woman in the fields of science and technology, check out CNET News' "Solving for XX" package. The series explores the past, current and future landscape for women in Silicon Valley and beyond, as well as examining the gender disparity and cultural makeup of some of the world's most powerful and pervasive companies shaping the world today.) inge-lehmann.jpg The Royal Library, National Library of Denmark, and University of Copenhagen University Library With a love of mathematics, Lehmann only became a seismologist after being appointed an assistant in 1925 to mathematician Niels Erik Nørlund, then the new director of the Royal Danish Geodetic Institute. Under his study, Lehmann traveled throughout Europe and helped oversee the installation of a new network of seismometers to collect earthquake data. She later became the chief of the institute's seismology department, having taught herself much of the field's core knowledge and obtaining a second graduate degree in the field to match her first in mathematics. Her eventual discovery of the true nature of Earth's core arose from deep study of an early 20th century problem that befuddled seismologists worldwide. In 1914, German-American seismologist Beno Gutenberg discovered that the Earth contained a semi-liquid core 1,400 miles beneath the crust by studying the different types of seismic waves -- acting like x-rays displaying deeper layers of the planet -- that propagated through Earth during earthquakes. Yet the theory contained holes, which scientists at the time mostly attributed to faulty equipment, that could not explain certain types of waves arriving at certain end points of Earth that should not have been possible with only a semi-liquid core. Lehmann, who often sat in her garden with seismometer data written on cardboard ripped from boxes of oatmeal, posited that within the Earth's semi-liquid core was an inner core made of solid material, explaining the earthquake data. In a 1936 paper titled "P" -- after the name of the type of seismic waves confounding scientists -- Lehmann laid out her analysis, which fellow seismologists quickly adopted as the correct interpretation over the next few years. Lehmann continued her work late into her 70s, pioneering new understandings about the upper mantle of the Earth. She went on to receive numerous awards, including the 1971 William Bowie Medal, the highest honor in the field of geophysics for which Lehmann was the first female recipient. Lehmann passed away in 1993 at the age of 104 but is remembered both by the medal that bears her name given out by the American Geophysical Union and the asteroid 5632 Ingelehmann named in her honor.

HAPPY READING

What is IBPS PO exam?

Bank Probationary office (Bank PO) is a lucrative career.To enter this career you need to clear IBPS PO written test.After clearing IBPS PO written test you become eligible to apply for PO position in one of 19 public sector banks.Each bank then publishes its advertisement.Each bank has its own cut off marks for interview call.

So if your marks in IBPS PO written test is more than Bank cut off you can fill Bank interviewform.After that short listed candidates are called for interview.I have covered IBPS PO interview in separate post.You can read the post and download interview questions answers and tips from this link.I have also covered SBI Bank PO interview and written test in different post.You can read download documents from this link.

IBPS PO exam format

The first step in preparation for any examination is to know about format of exam.You can plan your preparation if you know format of exam.IBPS PO format have changed over the years.Soyou should always look at current year format.I have shown current year IBPS PO exam format in below table.

Section	Questions	Max Marks
Reasoning	50	50
English	40	40
Quantitative	50	50
General Awareness	40	40
Computer Knowledge	20	20
Total	200	200
Total TIme	120 min

In last year IBPS PO exam there were 250 questions.The total time limit was 150 min.Each section contained 50 questions.But this year they have changed the format.Less stress is given to English,General Awareness and Computer Knowledge.

Also previous year apart from this objective test there was 25 marks descriptive test.In that you have to write an Essay or Letter in English language.The duration was one hour.But descriptive paper is not included in current year exams.So you can leave the descriptive paper preparation and concentrate on objectives only.

IBPS PO exam syllabus

From above table you can see that Quantitative Aptitude,Reasoning,English,General Awareness and Computer Knowledge are main topics or subjects you need to prepare.But nowhere the syllabus is mentioned.Actually there is no syllabus as such for IBPS PO exam.We can define a syllabus only based on previous year question paper pattern.I am outlining paper pattern and syllabus you need to cover.I have also prepared question papers along with answers with these points in mind.So you can download above papers using download link and get an idea of IBPS PO exam question paper pattern.

Quantitative Aptitude syllabus and question types

• Time and Distance,Time and Work – 4 questions
• Ratio and Mixtures – 5 questions
• Percentage,Profit Loss – 6 questions
• Partnership,Clock,Pipes and Cisterns – 5 questions
• Permutation and Combination – 5 questions
• 10 question based on data given example problem is given in above papers
• 10 questions on series,fractions and arithmetic operations

Reasoning syllabus and question types

• 10 questions on Diagrams and pictures
• 15 questions on puzzle type problems download above documents from details
• 5 questions on Arguments
• 5 questions on arguments and conclusions
• 10 questions on Alphabets,patterns,arrangement

English syllabus and question types

• 20 questions from Comprehension.It includes Antonym and Synonym
• 5 spot error in sentence problems
• 5 sentence rearrangement
• 10 preposition and fill in the blanks

General Awareness and Computer Knowledge

Computer knowledge covers basic questions about computers.The topics like Internet,Microsoft Office packages and other day to day computer knowledge (bit of hardware knowledge). The questions are basic ones only.General Awareness focuses on Banking industry and also covers key news as well.You should read current affairs (more focus on banking).If IBPS PO exam is in May then read important news of before April.The paper is set approx two months before theexam.Questions focus mainly on Banking reforms and recent Banking relatedannouncements.Government Yojanas impacting Banks are also hot topic.

IBPS PO exam tips

Time Management and Time Distribution

As you might have noticed above the number of questions are more than time allowed in min.Youget less than 1 min to answer a question.So proper distribution of time is important for eachsection.Each question has equal weight-age in terms of marks.But some sections like Computer Knowledge and General Awareness can be solved in less time (assuming that you know the answer) compared to other section.

So time management and proper time distribution is very important for IBPS PO written exam.Thesecond important thing is order of attempting the sections.Some sections like Reasoning and Quantitative do exhaust your brain.Other sections like Computer knowledge and General Awareness are not that exhausting.It is better to attempt non exhaustive sections first.This keeps you brain fresh while attempting these sections.

Sectional Cut off

Third important point is sectional cut off.For example if I get 45 in one section and 10 in other I am not qualified.I may have more marks than other qualified candidates.Often candidates do forget this during IBPS PO written exam.I have seen few candidates who scored nearly 80% in one section but failed in other section.So clearing sectional cut off in all sections should be first and foremost thing you should do in IBPS PO written exam.

Normally 48% is considered as sectional cut off marks in any section.So your first aim should be to clear the sectional cut off.IBPS has also introduced concept of TWSS (Total Weight age standard score).They create a minimal TWSS score based on performance of candidates thatyear.You should score above TWSS to get an interview call.So your first aim is to clear sectional cut off and second is to score as much marks as possible.

Question Selection

Fourth important point is each question has same marks.It is not important to give preference to one question than other one.You should avoid time consuming questions in first attempt.If you have solved similar questions before than attempt them.Easy questions should be attempted first and then complex ones.Sometimes one question eats uo too much time and you have to leave few easy ones.This is really important.

Answer marking in Answer sheet

Fifth important point is marking the answers.There are couple of strategy.Some like to mark the answers as they solve it.Some marks the answer in one go at last.Marking answers one by one do consume seconds switching from question sheet to answer sheet.In second method you might make mistakes marking the answers due to time constraint.It is also tough to keep track of all answers.

There is chance of making mistake in marking answers if you have left couple of questions in between two answered questions.In my opinion the best way is to combine both process.Ideallyyou should mark all the answers after completing a section.This gives you idea about number of questions answered in a particular section.You can come back to sections with less number of answered questions later on.This is important for sectional cutoff.Also the number of answers to be marked in the sheet will also be less.So there will be lesser chance to make mistake.

Negative marking mistakes

IBPS PO written exam has negative marking.Negative marking means one fourth of marks in deducted for every wrong answer.For example out of 10 questions if you have 5 correct answers but two wrong answers then your total marks is (5 – 2* .25) = 4.5.This is really important.In above example if you have left two wrong questions then you would have crossed cut off marks (48%).

So it is very important not to guess answers.Sometimes candidates mark answers of 10 to 20 questions as A or B or C or D.This does backfire.If you have answered decent number of questions to clear sectional cut off then there is no need of all these.Instead of guessing and marking answers try one or two questions which you can solve and are in section you answered less.

IBPS PO exam planning

Above we saw points to consider in IBPS PO written exam.Proper planning and practice is important to incorporate these tips during exam.You should divide time between the sections and stick to those timings.I have made a general time distribution for all sections below.You can modify the same to fit your requirement.Total time given for all sections is 150 min.We will divide this time between sections not equally but based on certain rules.I will mention those rules in detail after below table.

You can modify time according to your strength.You can practice sample papers (downloadable from download links) and find out time taken in each section.Based on your experience after solving few question paper you can add or subtract time dedicated to individual sections in abovetable.After fixing time it is very important to test it out.You should solve few test series orpapers.You can easily see whether time dedicated to each section is fine or needs some modification.You can see in above table 8 minutes are still left.You should attempt sections in which you have answered less than sectional cut off in these 8 min.In case you have attempted all sections well then attempt those sections or questions which you can answer in these 8 min.I have dedicated more time to Reasoning then to Quantitative.The reason is these sections are timeconsuming.The other sections like Computer knowledge and General Awareness do not involve solving a problem.They will not take much time if you know the answers.

Speed is king in IBPS PO written test.It is important to practice as many questions aspossible.This increases chances of getting similar questions in real exam.So you can solve them in less time.This will improve your speed and chances to answer more questions.

IBPS PO exam preparation

Computer Knowledge section

IBPS PO written exams are becoming tough with time.Introduction of Computer Knowledge section makes it difficult for non computer background candidates.So candidates from non computer background need to study this section.This section is pretty scoring as well as less timeconsuming.So one should really focus hard on this section.The good part is questions are not very technical in nature nor is difficult.

General Awareness section

Also General Awareness section focuses on Banking industry knowledge.This indeed is important as you are going to be part of Banking industry.But it also demands dedication of your time to read Business section of a newspaper instead of Sports or Movie section.There are magazines dedicated to Banking industry.You can pick any one of them and start reading the headlines.Thisis also one very scoring section and less time consuming.If you are well prepared for above two sections then you can save lot of time for other sections.Getting good scores this sections will help you score good results overall.So you should focus more on these two sections.

English section

English is tough section for candidates not from that background.With introduction of descriptive section as well things are getting more complicated for candidates.In English section good amount of questions are grammar based.You should prepare grammar thoroughly.The basics like Noun,Pronoun,Preposition,Conjunction and tense should be primary focus.Some questions like spot the error can be very scoring and less time consuming.The comprehension section is also easy compared to other part of English.It also carries good weight-age as well.

You can pick any good English grammar book for preparation.Even class ten or twelve English grammar books will do the trick.Every candidate should stress or dedicate more time to these three sections.Normally candidates give more time to reasoning and quantitative often overlooking these sections.But scoring good marks in these sections and saving time is key to success.

Quantitative and Reasoning section

You should target clearing the cut off marks first in reasoning and quantitativesection.Anything above that is always abonus.Having said that Candidates should always focus on their strength.Someoneoutstanding in Quantitative should try to score more on this section.You should practice Quantitative and Reasoning on regular basis.

It is good to solve different types ofproblems.Solving same type of problems does not serve the purpose.You will not find same type of questions in IBPS exam.Also practising different types of problems give you an idea about their solution procedure.This helps in IBPS exam.Looking at the question you can identify type ofit.The data may be different but solution approach will be same.This will help you solve the problems faster and correctly.

I have included different types of questions in above documents.You can download the same and start practising.It will give you an idea of type of problems asked and their complexity.Also it is important to note the time taken to solve the problems individually.

IBPS PO exam question paper with answer free download

I have created model IBPS question papers for Reasoning and Quantitative section,English Section and Computer Knowledge section.The questions are taken from previous year IBPS PO exams and sample questions similar in format to last year IBPS PO exams.The questions are along with answers.You can download the documents for free using the download links given below.

After reading different sections you can try these questions before real IBPS PO writen test.Thiswill give you an idea about your preparation level.In case you get a questions wrong then you can revisit the concept and try the question again.This is best way to use these download documen

IBPS PO book

All the tips and tricks mentioned above are just enough for IBPS PO exam preparation and become successful in that.You can use any standard book for preparation of Reasoning and Quantitative aptitude section and English section.The computer awareness questions in download document are quite detailed and should give you good idea about topics you shouldcover.You can read the questions and also prepare further questions from same topics.

But many candidates prefer having a book.They want to solve a book completely.After completing a book it should given them an idea that preparation is complete.I have received request from many candidates about IBPS PO book to follow for best preparation.I have researched for book which covers every aspect of the exam.Below books seems to cover most aspect of exam

HAPPY READING

10 TIPS TO IMPROVE ENGLISH
Hi guys,
Firstly theres no short cuts for improving engish. You can only improve English
gradually ie step by step ,but nt in a week or month………..
To improve ur english first thing which u need to do is changing ur lifestyle and attitude
towards the language. The first thing to improve english for people who r weak in it is to
attempt easy and selective questions only and always attempt atleast 80% questions to
clear the cut off just in case u get a lot of wrong attempts. People who have a good
accuracy in english may even attempt just 25/50 questions. As cu offs in eng is never
above 25 in any exam.
Do intelligent guesing- eliminate 2,3 options first and then u have the probability of
getting the answer correct very high……………..
So first which questions to attempt and what to leave.??
Always leave 10 questions of passage as they consume hell lot of time.attempt only
synonym and antonym part. attempt around 40 questions and get sround 25 correct u will
definitely clear cut off.(but if u have time attempt all questions as now a days English
marks r also added like in SBI,BOB etc)
Section wise u can do following-:
1. Reading Comprehension , here u can easily get 5-6 correct at least in worst case.If ur
vocabulary is weak then do not attempt questions on most similar and most opposite till
the time u r not sure of the answer.
2. cloze test is the solid part in English . a test is a passage with missing words given as
blanks ....u must do most of them except the ones which u dont know .
3.In the middle of the paper u will find questions on sentence improvement and error
detection in sentences .....u must do them…………..i will post some rules in coming
days……………….....
4. just solve English paper in 20 min so that u can give time to other sections….and mind
u u can easily solve 40 questions in 20 min…………….
How to prepare:
Vocabulary
1. English Newspaper : Read good news articles from the newspaper and
trust me everyday you will find at least 10-15 new words . even if u don’t get time just
read the editorial and mark the difficult words.
Now dont learn their meanings simply refer to their meaning from the dictionary .So that
next time when u come across the same word u should be able to recall it and this way it
will become permanent in ur mind .
2. Write a news diary(or personal diary in English): Another daily writing task that
can work for people who would be bored by writing about their own routines in a
diary is to write about the news that you read and listen to everyday. If you include
your predictions for how you think the story will develop (e.g. "I think Hillary will
become president"), this can give you a good reason to read old entries another
time, at which time you can also correct and mistakes you have made and
generally improve what you have written.
3) English Newspaper : Whenever u read the newspaper or any other english text read
carefully looking at the usage of nouns , adjectives prepostions,verbs and most important
subject verb agreement. U should be able to identify the parts of speech .Even if u dont
know the grammar of a language if u will keep on reading it over a period of time u r
bound to improve upon ur knowledge about distinguishing between correct and incorrect
grammar usage since u had spent so much of time reading it.DEDICATION
4) Online chat: the closest thing to speaking for people who don't have the
chance to speak English is online chat, as you have to think and respond
quickly, and the language is short and informal just like speech.
5). Grammar : I would like to suggest u to only go through the basics of
nouns,verbs,adjectives,tenses,articles,passage,pun ctuation,subject verb
agreement,sentences and phrases. Please do not go into the depth of grammar as it will
only confuse u..MORE AND MORE ..Most of the people who qualify in english r not
really good in grammar but they r used to the language. So u need to change ur attitude
by using english everywhere in place of ur native language at least till the time u dont get
the command over english.
6. Get in touch with someone who is good in english, discuss ur weaknesses and start
practicing spoken english with him/her. Write various types of letters Formal and
Informal, Essays on arbitrary topics , precis on news articles.....See if u will actually
practice all this then success is bound to come .....But u need patience...Speak on a topic
for 3 minutes everday all these have to practiced on a daily basis to get results in at least
3 months time.
7. Ill share with u an anecdote on english :there were 2 friends who did not know
english.They decided that they will learn english.Everyday they used to meet at the bus
stop to go to college which was a journey of 1 hr.Both them took pledge that throughout
their to-fro journey they will always speak in english.When they started the other people
laughed and gigled at them since they used to speak in broken english. But both were
strongly determined and continued.After about six months the same passengers realised
that they were wrong as slowly and slowly their english started showing
improvement......So my dear friend the way u work hard for Reasoning or QA same ways
work hard for english and dont give up....
8. go for objective English by Thorpe and Thorpe.its a very gud book for competitive
english
9. Always solve as many enslish sets as possible with time check and also ur score at
home from practice sets . the more u solve them the more closer u get to ur success...
10. Lastly I would like to tell u friend its all a mindgame when u loose u loose from ur
mind and when u win u win from the mind only so think positive and workhard. If u can
do well in Reasoning ,QA and GK then u can certainly do well in english ..........Believe
in ur self and work hard in continuity...
(some tips r my personal and some taken from my friend on pagalguy)…………

HAPPY READING

SYLLOIGSMS: explanation

Statements

 Some doors are windows

All windows are floors

All floors are ceilings

Conclusions:

Some doors are floors

All windows are ceilings

Explanation:

See here in this subject and predicate will be there

Doors is subject and floors are predicate in conclusion 1.. similarly windows is subject and ceilings is predicate in conclusion 2.

So we need to solve conclusions through venn diagrams..remember we used to draw circles in our childhood the same method.

K listen..lets take statement 1

Some doors are windows so…

According to 2^nd statement now we can draw

According to 3^rd statement diagram becomes

Now see conclusions

Some doors are floors(see in diagram some doors are floors so it is correct)

All windows are ceilings(see all windows comes under ceilings)

Problem 2

Some doors are windows

All windows are floors

All floors are ceilings

Conclusions:

Some doors are floors

no floors are doors

solution: this is a exclusive case .. see in conclusions.. conclusion 1 is starting with some and conclusion 2 is starting with no..

this is some no  case.. so in some no case if both subject and predicate are equal.. then we can directly keep answer as 3.(either conclusion 1 is true or conclusion 2 is true)

note: in syllogisms .. we can say statement true only if it is definitely true.. if it has doubted statements we cannot decide the statement as true..

I think definitely u might not have understood this

See for example 3 u will get clear idea..

Problem 3

Some doors are windows

All windows are floors

All floors are ceilings

No ceiling is hero

Conclusions:

Some doors are not hero    

Some ceilings can be hero(this is anyway wrong..y because already in statements its given no ceiling is hero)

Here consider conclusion 1.. some doors are not hero..here we can say by diagram that some doors are not hero..so people will think it as true sentence

So that is wrong .. y because in statements he didn’t given relation about doors and hero.. so we canot conclude it as correct statement so it is false.

Problem 4:possibility cases will be there

Problem 2

Some doors are windows

All windows are floors

All floors are ceilings

Conclusions:

Is there possibility that Some doors are not  floors

no floors are doors

When we consider ..possibility cases.. consider conclusion 1: Is there possibility that Some doors are not  floors.. definitely yes.. there is a possibility

Of some doors are not floors.. so it is correct..

I tried my level best to explain u.. friends please do help for everyone.. help is the greatest thing.. see many people who cannot afford for study

Are lying on roads friends.. we should them to get study and make our country to be even proud..hope if atleast one person among

U change I will be satisfied.. please post some useful matter u may know which help others.

U can add me if u wanna be my friend @ vatadapraveen@gmail.com ..same id for facebook..7207313125(u can call me for your doubts )

HAPPY READING

Author name	Books	Shortcut to remember
v.s.naipaul	A house for mr.biswas A bend in the river Half a life Miguel street The enigma of arrival The masque of Africa Magic seeds In a free state	In masque of Africa,Mr biswas used to live near a bend river..when he eat magic seeds his life became half..after enigma arrival he lived happily in a free state
Chetan bhagat	The 3 mistakes of my life 5point someone Revolution  2020 2 states: the story of my marriage One night @ call center	Easy to remember his book names always represent mostly numbers
Arvind adiga	Last man in the tower The white tiger Between the assassination	A man in the tower assaisigned the white tiger
Philip roth	American pastoral Portnoys complaint The human stain The plot against America Nemesis The ghost writer I married a communist Goob bye columbus	Here comes all America..lets begin our story ..he married a communist and purchased a plot in America so portnoy  given complaint..it was a human stain for him..so he said good bye to columbus
Arundathi roy	The god of small things The alzebra of infinite justice	Very important writer
Kiran bedi	Brrom and groom
Salman rushdie	The sanatanic verses Midnight children Joseph anton Luka and the fire The ground beneath her feet	Joseph anton when playing with children by burning luka and the fire under ground beneath their feet sanatanic verses had come
Amitav ghosh	Sea of puppies The hungry tide River of smoke The glass palace The Calcutta chromosome	In calcutta..Sea of puppies were very hungry..playing at river of smoke..where glass palace is there
Vikram seth	A suitable boy The golden gate(its combinely written by arundathi roy also) Two lives
photo-journalist Suman    Chattopadhyay	“The Peak” Book Released on Sachin Tendulkar
The  renowned  Bengali  writer  Shankar  wrote  a  “The  Monk  as Man ” book on Swami Vivekananda

Note: you need to read important books released latest also like

Bokks released by abdul kalam and some famous personalities in news

Or books got prizes at international level

I am your friend always don’t forget me.. Praveen kumar v (7207313125)..vatadapraveen@gmail.com

I am always there to help you..any time just a call or mail if u have any doubts..